| 1. |
- Carlström, Mattias, 1941-, et al.
(author)
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Dietary nitrate attenuates oxidative stress, prevents cardiac and renal injuries, and reduces blood pressure in salt-induced hypertension
- 2011
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In: Cardiovascular Research. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0008-6363 .- 1755-3245. ; 89:3, s. 574-585
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aims Reduced bioavailability of endogenous nitric oxide (NO) is a central pathophysiological event in hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. Recently, it was demonstrated that inorganic nitrate from dietary sources is converted in vivo to form nitrite, NO, and other bioactive nitrogen oxides. We tested the hypothesis that dietary inorganic nitrate supplementation may have therapeutic effects in a model of renal and cardiovascular disease. Methods and results Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to unilateral nephrectomy and chronic high-salt diet from 3 weeks of age developed hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, proteinuria, and histological as well as biochemical signs of renal damage and oxidative stress. Simultaneous nitrate treatment (0.1 or 1 mmol nitrate kg(-1) day(-1)), with the lower dose resembling the nitrate content of a diet rich in vegetables, attenuated hypertension dose-dependently with no signs of tolerance. Nitrate treatment almost completely prevented proteinuria and histological signs of renal injury, and the cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis were attenuated. Mechanistically, dietary nitrate restored the tissue levels of bioactive nitrogen oxides and reduced the levels of oxidative stress markers in plasma (malondialdehyde) and urine (Class VI F2-isoprostanes and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine). In addition, the increased circulating and urinary levels of dimethylarginines (ADMA and SDMA) in the hypertensive rats were normalized by nitrate supplementation. Conclusion Dietary inorganic nitrate is strongly protective in this model of renal and cardiovascular disease. Future studies will reveal if nitrate contributes to the well-known cardioprotective effects of a diet rich in vegetables.
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| 2. |
- Jönsson, Lars-Eric, et al.
(author)
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Institution
- 2011
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Book (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Institution ger 250 miljoner träffar på sökmotorn Google. I vilka sammanhang används detta slitstarka ord och vilka betydelser bär det på? I den här boken undersöks institutioner som platser, rum och organisationer samt begreppets vetenskapliga utveckling och användning. Institutioner representerar ofta socialt tvång, beständighet över tid och reglering av aktörers handlande.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Nguyen, Hugo, 1955-, et al.
(author)
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Material- and fabrication-governed performance of a tunnelling magnetometer
- 2010
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In: Advances in Natural Sciences. - : Institute of Physics (IOP). - 2043-6254 .- 2043-6262. ; 1:4, s. 045006-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Miniaturization of sensitive magnetic sensors for nano- and picosatellites has come to the point where the traditional sensors with magnetic coils soon can be replaced. Thin film technology offers the possibility of making extremely small magnetic field sensors that employ the effect of anisotropic, giant and tunneling magnetoresistance (AMR, GMR and TMR). In this paper, the development status of sensors based on microelectromechanical systems technology (MEMS), starting from a TMR layer structure is presented. The sensors have been successfully fabricated and integrated onto an electronic circuit designed for space application. The system as a whole, and the sensors in particular, have not only been characterized with respect to sensitivity, resolution, and noise level, but also to launch vibration and space radiation. The sensor performance and limitations are strongly dependent on the deposited materials, sensor design, and fabrication process. Since the sensor elements are small and sensitive (with lateral dimensions of some tens of micrometres, and resolution of 100 pT at frequencies of MHz), they are also promising for other MEMS applications.
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| 5. |
- Nguyen, Hugo, 1955-, et al.
(author)
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Tailoring the properties of a magnetic tunnel junction to be used as a magnetic field sensor
- 2011
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In: Conf. on solid state physics and materials VII (SPMS 2011), Ho Chi Minh, 7-9 November 2011.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) can be used as an effective magnetic field sensor thank to its high magnetoresistance ratio. To be used as a magnetic field sensor in different applications, the possibility of tuning the performance of the MTJ is important. Different means of tuning, such as voltage and magnetic field biasing, can be used. In this work, an external magnetic field from a permanent magnet was used to bias the sensing layer of a MTJ along its hard axis, and the effect of the biasing on the sensitivity, detection limit, and hysteresis of the MTJ was investigated. The experiments showed that the hysteresis of the MTJ languished away at a certain applied magnetic field. Moreover, the sensitivity and noise level decreased, whereas the detection limit increased with increasing bias field strength. The motivation of this experiment is not only to find a power- and cost-effective method of tuning the MTJ, but also to study what happens with the sensing layer, and with electron transport within the MTJ when an external magnetic field is applied.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Persson, Anders, et al.
(author)
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Changing the attitude towards magnetoresistance
- 2011
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In: Changing the attitude towards magnetoresistance.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Magnetometers are one of the most common instruments on spacecrafts. They are used for both satellite attitude determination and for scientific purposes, such as mapping of Earth’s magnetic field. The most common magnetometer for low-frequency applications is the fluxgate. High-end fluxgates are generally quite bulky, with a mass of around 1 kg, but there exist miniature version, weighing only around 100 g, but with worse noise figure. Interest in such miniature models has increased with the adaption of the Faster-Better-Cheaper philosophy, and the introduction of small satellite classes. However, downscaling of fluxgates beyond the present 100 g has proven difficult, wherefore other technologies have earned more and more interest, especially those employing different kinds of magnetoresistance.Here, a review of different magnetoresistive techniques, and their past, present and potential use in space is presented. Magnetoresistive sensors based on anisotropic, giant, and tunneling magnetoresistance is covered, and extra attention is directed towards sensors based on the planar Hall effect. The latter have the potential of overcoming some of the major disadvantages of other magnetoresistive sensors, such as poor detectivity at low frequencies, and the need for external biasing coils to improve linearity and reduce hysteresis by, e.g., set-reset protocols and magnetic feedback.Moreover, the design of two such planar Hall effect sensors is tailored to meet the requirements set on a magnetometer aimed for, firstly, attitude determination and, secondly, mapping of Earth’s magnetic field. It is concluded that planar Hall effect sensors is one of the prime candidates for the next generation of miniaturized low-frequency space magnetometers.
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| 8. |
- Persson, Anders, et al.
(author)
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Etch-stop technique for patterning of tunnel junctions for a magnetic field sensor
- 2011
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In: Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering. - : IOP Publishing. - 0960-1317 .- 1361-6439. ; 21:4, s. 045014-045022
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Spin-dependent tunnelling devices, e. g. magnetic random access memories and highly sensitive tunnelling magnetoresistance (TMR) sensors, often consist of a large number of magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) of uniform quality over the whole device. The uniformity and yield of the fabrication of such a device are therefore very important. A major source of yield loss is the short-circuiting of junctions by redeposition of etch residues. This can be prevented by terminating of the etch in the typically 1 nm thick tunnelling barrier. Here, electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis for monitoring the etching semi-continuously is proposed. The fabrication scheme employs Ar ion milling for etching the MTJs, and photoelectron spectroscopy for analysing the composition of the etched surface in situ. Junctions etched either to or through the barrier were used for this. The quality of the etch stop was investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and it was confirmed that the etch could be stopped in the MgO barrier. The TEM imaging also showed clear signs of redeposition. Such redeposition was attributed to being partly caused by the reduction of the TMR ratio of the junctions etched through the barrier, which was only 15% as compared with 150% for junctions etched to the barrier. Also, the latter junctions exhibited 2.7 times less noise in the low-frequency regime, resulting in a 27 times improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio with the etch stop. The barrier also proved effective in protecting the bottom contact from oxidation during the capping and contacting of the junctions.
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| 9. |
- Persson, Anders, 1982-, et al.
(author)
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Ga Implantation in a MgO-based Magnetic Tunnel Junction With Co60Fe20B20 Layers
- 2011
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In: IEEE transactions on magnetics. - 0018-9464 .- 1941-0069. ; 47:1, s. 151-155
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A Co60Fe20B20-based tunneling magnetoresistance multilayer stack with an MgO barrier has been exposed to 30 keV Ga ions at doses corresponding to ion etching and metal deposition in a focused ion beam (FIB) instrument, to study the applicability of these processes to magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) fabrication. MTJs were fabricated and irradiated to investigate how the exposures affected their coercivity and magnetoresistance. Elemental depth profiles, acquired using electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis, showed that Ga gathered in and around the two Co60Fe20B20 layers. Correlated with the results of the magnetic measurements, this Ga presence was found to cause a reduction of magnetoresistance and an increase in coercivity. Quantitatively, a dose of 1014 Ga+cm-2 reduced the magnetoresistance by 60%, whereas a dose of 1015 Ga+cm-2 reduced the magnetoresistance by 67% and also increased the coercivity by 2 mT and changed the dipole coupling between the sensing and the pinning layers by 1.6 mT. The latter was attributed to an imbalance in the synthetic antiferromagnetic structure, where the stack's Ru spacer served as an implantation barrier. The magnetoresistance was lost at a dose of 1016 Ga+cm-2. Annealing reduced the content of Ga around the magnetic layers but also caused diffusion of Cu from one of the layers in the stack. Apart from the observation and explanation of implantation damages in the multilayer, this work concludes on the applicability of FIB processes for prototyping of MTJs.
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| 10. |
- Persson, Anders I, et al.
(author)
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Non-stem cell origin for oligodendroglioma
- 2010
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In: Cancer Cell. - : Elsevier BV. - 1535-6108 .- 1878-3686. ; 18:6, s. 669-682
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Malignant astrocytic brain tumors are among the most lethal cancers. Quiescent and therapy-resistant neural stem cell (NSC)-like cells in astrocytomas are likely to contribute to poor outcome. Malignant oligodendroglial brain tumors, in contrast, are therapy sensitive. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and detailed developmental analyses, we demonstrated that murine oligodendroglioma cells show characteristics of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and are therapy sensitive, and that OPC rather than NSC markers enriched for tumor formation. MRI of human oligodendroglioma also suggested a white matter (WM) origin, with markers for OPCs rather than NSCs similarly enriching for tumor formation. Our results suggest that oligodendroglioma cells show hallmarks of OPCs, and that a progenitor rather than a NSC origin underlies improved prognosis in patients with this tumor.
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